Throughout the 1960s, Paul Baran and Donald Davies independently developed the concept of packet switching to transfer information between computers over a network.Licklider sent a memorandum to office colleagues discussing the concept of the ' Intergalactic Computer Network', a computer network intended to allow general communications among computer users. In 1960, the commercial airline reservation system semi-automatic business research environment (SABRE) went online with two connected mainframes.Kitov's proposal was rejected, as later was the 1962 OGAS economy management network project. In 1959, Anatoly Kitov proposed to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union a detailed plan for the re-organisation of the control of the Soviet armed forces and of the Soviet economy on the basis of a network of computing centres.McCarthy was instrumental in the creation of three of the earliest time-sharing systems (the Compatible Time-Sharing System in 1961, the BBN Time-Sharing System in 1962, and the Dartmouth Time Sharing System in 1963).

Licklider at the inaugural UNESCO Information Processing Conference in Paris that year.

In 1959, Christopher Strachey filed a patent application for time-sharing and John McCarthy initiated the first project to implement time-sharing of user programs at MIT.

The modem allowed digital data to be transmitted over regular unconditioned telephone lines at a speed of 110 bits per second (bit/s). It was the first commercial modem for computers, released by AT&T Corporation in 1958. military Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) radar system using the Bell 101 modem. In the late 1950s, a network of computers was built for the U.S.Computer networking was influenced by a wide array of technological developments and historical milestones. Ĭomputer networks support many applications and services, such as access to the World Wide Web, digital video and audio, shared use of application and storage servers, printers and fax machines, and use of email and instant messaging applications.Ĭomputer networking may be considered a branch of computer science, computer engineering, and telecommunications, since it relies on the theoretical and practical application of the related disciplines. Network addresses serve for locating and identifying the nodes by communication protocols such as the Internet Protocol.Ĭomputer networks may be classified by many criteria, including the transmission medium used to carry signals, bandwidth, communications protocols to organize network traffic, the network size, the topology, traffic control mechanisms, and organizational intent. Hostnames serve as memorable labels for the nodes and are rarely changed after initial assignment. They are identified by network addresses and may have hostnames.

The nodes of a computer network can include personal computers, servers, networking hardware, or other specialized or general-purpose hosts. These interconnections are made up of telecommunication network technologies based on physically wired, optical, and wireless radio-frequency methods that may be arranged in a variety of network topologies. Computers use common communication protocols over digital interconnections to communicate with each other. A computer network is a set of computers sharing resources located on or provided by network nodes.

Fundamentals of computer in hindi notes